GUNADARMA

1 . The Old Order
Since the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many significant figures when the state has formulated a precise form of economy for Indonesia , either individually or in group discussions . But the old order of government is still not able to improve the economic situation of the Republic of Indonesia deteriorated .
- Order the old ( Guided Democracy )
Financial state of the economy in the early days of independence is very bad , partly due to :
a. Inflation is very high , due to the release of more than one currency uncontrollably . At that time , the Indonesian government temporarily claimed three prevailing currency in the region of Indonesia , namely De Javasche Bank's currency , the currency of the Netherlands East Indies , and the Japanese occupation currency .
b . The existence of economic blockade by the Netherlands since November 1945 to close the door Indonesian foreign trade .
c . Empty state coffers .
d . Large-scale exploitation in the colonial period .
Efforts are being made to overcome the economic difficulties , among others :
a. National Loan Program implemented by the finance minister Ir . Surachman with the approval of BP - KNIP , conducted in July 1946 .
b . Attempt to break the blockade by diplomatic rice to India , mangadakan contact with private U.S. companies , and blockade the Dutch in Sumatra, with the aim to Singapore and Malaysia .
c . Economic Conference in February 1946 in order to obtain unanimous agreement in tackling economic problems are urgent , namely : the problem of production and distribution of food , clothing issues , as well as the status and administration of estates .
d . Establishment of Planning Board ( Board Designer Economics ) January 19, 1947
Reconstruction and Rationalization of the Armed Forces ( Rera ) 1948
e . Kasimo Plan is essentially about self-sufficiency efforts by some practical guidelines . With self-sufficiency , it is expected the economy will improve ( follows the school of Physiocrats : the agricultural sector is a source of wealth ) .
- The Liberal Democracy (1950-1957)
This period of time is called a liberal , because of the political and economic systems using liberal principles . Submitted on the appropriate market economy theories of classical school of laissez-faire laissez passer states . Though still weak and indigenous entrepreneurs can not compete with non-indigenous entrepreneurs , especially the Chinese businessmen . In the end, this system only worsen the economic condition of the newly independent Indonesia .
Efforts are being made to address the economic problems , among others :
a) Scissors Syarifuddin , which cuts the value of money ( sanering ) March 20, 1950 , to reduce the amount of money in circulation in order to level the price drops .
  b ) Program Fortress ( Natsir Cabinet )
c ) Nationalization De Javasche Bank to Bank Indonesia on December 15, 1951 through Act no.24 th 1951 as a function of the central bank and the bank circulation .
d ) Economic System Ali - Baba ( Ali cabinet Sastroamijoyo I) initiated Mr. Isaac Cokrohadisuryo
e ) Cancellation unilaterally on the results of the Round Table Conference , including the dissolution of the Netherlands-Indonesian Union .
- The period of Guided Democracy (1959-1967)
As a result of the presidential decree July 5, 1959 , the Indonesian runs guided democracy system and the structure of the Indonesian economy leads to etatisme system ( everything is set by the government ) . With this system , expected to lead to shared prosperity and equality in the social , political , and economic ( follow the school of Socialism ) . However , the economic policies taken by the government in the past has not been able to improve the state of the Indonesian economy .

2 . GOVERNMENT NEW ORDER
New Order is a term for the administration of President Suharto in Indonesia . New Order replaces the Old Order refers to the era of Sukarno . New Order lasted from 1968 to 1998 . Within that period , Indonesia's economy is growing rapidly , although it is accompanied by rampant corruption in the country . In addition , the gap between rich and poor people also widened.
New Order , In 1968 , the Assembly was formally inaugurated Suharto for a 5 year term as president , and he was later inducted back in a row in 1973 , 1978 , 1983, 1988 , 1993 , and [ [1998 ] .
· Politics
President Suharto start " New Order " in Indonesian politics and dramatically change the foreign policy of the country and in the path of Sukarno at the end of his term . New Order chose repair and economic development as a primary objective and policies cover administrative structure dominated by the military but with advice from Western-educated economists . DPR and MPR did not function effectively . Members and often selected from among the military , especially those close to Sandalwood . This resulted in people's aspirations are often less heard by the center. Distribution revenue also unfair because 70 % of the revenue of each province each year should be paid to Jakarta , thus widening the development gap between the center and the regions .

· Exploitation of resources
During his reign , these policies , and the exploitation of natural resources on a large scale to produce substantial economic growth but uneven in Indonesia . For example , the number of hungry people reduced substantially in the 1970s and 1980s .

· Chinese citizens
Chinese people are also prohibited expression. Since 1967 , residents descent regarded as foreigners in Indonesia and subordinate natives , which indirectly also remove their Human rights . Art Barongsaisecara open , celebration of Chinese New Year , and Chinese consumption is prohibited , though later it was championed by the community , especially from Indonesia china china traditional medicine community since the ban at all would impact on their prescription drugs that can only be made ​​in writing with mandarin . They went up to the Supreme Court and the Attorney General finally gave permission Indonesia at that time with a note that china Indonesia bejanji not muster the strength to rebel and overthrow the Indonesian government . For this success , we must pay homage to the naturopathic Indonesian Association ( INI ) and the members of his board at that time to fight it for the sake of public health china Indonesia and the Indonesian people . Until china Indonesia have little freedom in using the Chinese language .
The only Chinese -language newspaper which is published daily allowed Indonesian article partly written in Indonesian . Daily is managed and supervised by the Indonesian military in this regard is the Armed Forces Indonesian china though some people work well there . Chinese traditional religion is prohibited . As a result, Confucianism lost government recognition . The New Order government argued that the Chinese people when the population reaches approximately 5 million of the total Indonesian people feared to spread the influence of communism in the country . In fact , said the fact that most of them work as traders , which is certainly contrary to what is taught by communism , which greatly forbid the trade done . The Chinese kept away from practical politics . Some chose to avoid politics for fear of her safety .

* Economic Policy in the New Order
During the New Order , Indonesia carry out development in various aspects of life . The goal is the creation of a just and prosperous society are equally material and spiritual based on Pancasila . Implementation of development rests on TrilogiPembangunan , whose contents include the following .
1 . Equitable development and results towards social justice for all Indonesian people .
2 . Relatively high economic growth .
3 . Stability national healthy and dynamic .
National development is essentially complete Indonesian human development and the development of Indonesian society . Under the National Development Basic Pattern Patterns General structured long-term development that includes a period of 25-30 years . Long-Term Development ( PJP ) the first 25 years starting in 1969-1994 . PJP I main target is to fulfill the basic needs of the people and the achievement of a balanced economic structure between industry and agriculture . In addition to the short -term as well long term . Each stage of a five- year term . Development goals in each lamp is agriculture , which is the increasing income of agricultural producers so that they will be stimulated to buy everyday goods produced by the industrial sector . Until 1999 , Indonesia has implemented a lamp in 6 times .
In finance the implementation of the development , will require substantial funds . In addition to relying on income from non-oil exports , the government is also seeking the help of foreign loans . In this case , the IMF international financial institutions play an important role . With the development of the Indonesian economy progress . Nevertheless , the rate of economic growth is large enough only enjoyed great businessmen close to the ruling . Economic growth is not accompanied by equity and a strong economic foundation so that when the world economic crisis around 1997 , Indonesia was not able to survive because the Indonesian economy was built on fragile foundations . Indonesian nation facing an economic crisis and a financial crisis which is quite heavy . IMF aid was not able to raise the national economy . This has to be one of the factors causing the collapse of the New Order government in 1998.

 The collapse of the New Order and the Birth of Reform
1 . Collapse of the New Order

The main cause of the collapse of the New Order is the monetary crisis in 1997. Since 1997 the Indonesian economy continues to deteriorate along with the financial crisis that hit Asia . Situation continues to deteriorate . Corruption is rampant , while the poverty of the people continues to rise . The occurrence of highly conspicuous social inequality led to the emergence of social unrest . Appear driven by the student demonstrations . The main demands of the protesters are economic recovery and reform. Massive demonstrations conducted in Jakarta on May 12, 1998 . At that time Trisakti incident occurred , namely me - death of the four students at Trisakti University in clashes with security forces . Four students are Eagle Mulya Lesmana , Hery Hariyanto , Hendriawan , and Hafidhin Royan . The four students who died were then given the title of " Hero of Reform " . In response to the reform act , President Suharto promised to be mereshuffle Development Cabinet Reform Cabinet . It also would establish a Reform Committee which is in charge of completing the Election Law , the Law on Political Parties , the Law on the Structure of the MPR , DPR and DPRD , the Antimonopoly Law , and the Anti-Corruption Law . During its development , can not be formed Reform Committee since 14 ministers refused to participate in the Reform Cabinet . The rejection led to President Soeharto resigned .
Finally, on May 21, 1998 President Suharto resigned as president and handed RI office to the vice president BJ Habibie . This event marked the end of the New Order and the Order of the commencement of the Reformation .

· Advantages and Disadvantages of the New Order administration system
* The development of Indonesia's GDP per capita in 1968 is only U.S. $ 70 in 1996 and has reached more than U.S. $ 1,000
* Successful transmigration
* Successful KB
* Successful combat illiteracy Disadvantages of the New Order Government System
* Liveliness of corruption , collusion , nepotism
* Development of Indonesia uneven
* Increased social gap ( the difference uneven income for the rich and the poor )
* Criticism opposition silenced and forbidden
* Freedom of the press is very limited , colored by many newspapers and magazines are detained

3 . GOVERNMENT REFORM
On May 21, 1998 President Suharto resigned as president and handed RI office to the vice president BJ Habibie . This event marked the end of the New Order and the Order of the commencement of the Reformation .
Special Session of the Assembly are confirmed Habibie as president , was opposed by a wave of demonstrations of tens of thousands of students and people in Jakarta and other cities . The demonstrations culminated in an Semanggi tragedy , which killed 18 people .
Habibie's government period was marked by the start of cooperation with the International Monetary Fund to help in the economic recovery process . In addition , Habibie also loosen control on the media and freedom of expression .
President BJ Habibie took the initiative to make corrections . A number of political prisoners released . Sri Bintang Pamungkas and Mochtar Pakpahan released , three days after Habibie served . Political prisoners were released in waves . However , some officials Sudjatmiko and People's Democratic Party recently released in the era of President Abdurrahman Wahid . After Habibie freed political prisoners , political prisoners emerged . A number of student activists on trial on charges of insulting the government and insulting the head of state . Insistence that caught hold of military human rights violations can not be held due to strong political protection . In fact , a number of military officers by the Jakarta Military Court has convicted and fired for involvement in kidnapping , has now been re- seated in the structural position .
When Habibie, Suharto as president replacing dated May 21, 1998 , there are five biggest issues that must be faced , namely :
a. future reforms ;
b . the future of the Armed Forces ;
c . future areas who want to secede from Indonesia ;
d . future Suharto , his family , his wealth and his cronies ; and
e . the future of the economy and people's welfare .

Here are some of the policies that they put out BJ Habibie in order to respond to demands for reform of the public .
a. Policies in politics
Reform in politics successfully replace five package legislation during the New Order with the three political laws more democratic . Here are three such laws .
1 . Law. 2 of 1999 on political parties
2 . Law. 3 of 1999 on General Elections .
3 . Law. 4 Year 1999 on the Structure and Status of DPR / MPR .
b . In the field of economic policy
To fix the economy slumped , especially in the banking sector , the government established the National Bank Restructuring Agency ( IBRA ) . Furthermore, the government issued Law no. 5 Year 1999 concerning Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Competition , and the Law. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection .

c . Freedom of expression and the press
Freedom of expression in society began to rise again . This is evident from the emergence of political parties from various groups and ideologies . Society can openly express criticism to the government . In addition to the freedom of expression , freedom is also given to the press . Reforms in the press is done by simplifying the application for issuance of business license ( License) .

d . implementation of Election
 During the Habibie government , successfully held multiparty elections were peaceful and democratic election . The election was attended by 48 political parties . Another success is the completion of the reign Habibie East Timor issue . Fretilin effort to secede from Indonesia getting a response . Habibie government took measures to conduct a poll in East Timor . The referendum was held on August 30, 1999 under the supervision of UNAMET . The results of the poll showed that the majority of the East Timorese people separated from Indonesia . Since then East Timor separated from Indonesia . On May 20, 2002 East Timor gained independence with the full name of the Democratic Republic of Timor -Leste with its first President Xanana Gusmao of the Fretilin party .

4 . GOVERNMENT INDONESIA UNITED
INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT v. UNITED Volume I ( SBY - JK ERA ) == (2004-2009)
United Indonesia Cabinet ( English : United Indonesia Cabinet ) Government of Indonesia is the head of the cabinet of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla .
This cabinet was formed on October 21, 2004 and ended his tenure in 2009 . On December 5, 2005 , President Yudhoyono 's cabinet reshuffle for the first time , and after further evaluation of the performance of his ministers , the President to revamp both on May 7, 2007 . Composition United Indonesia Cabinet at the beginning of the formation ( October 21, 2004 ) , the first overhaul ( December 7, 2005 ) , and the second overhaul ( May 9, 2007 ) .
In this period , the government implemented several new programs aimed at helping the economy of small communities including direct cash assistance ( BLT ) , PNPM Mandiri and medical treatment. In practice , these programs run in accordance with the targeted though there are still many shortcomings here and there.

INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT v. UNITED Volume II ( ERA SBY - BOEDIONO ) == ( 2009-2014)
United Indonesia Cabinet II ( UK : Second United Indonesia Cabinet ) is kabinetpemerintahan Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice PresidenBoediono . This cabinet comes from the proposed political party proposing SBY -Boediono at the Presidential Election 2009 to get a seat in the House of Representatives ( Democratic Party , PKS , PAN , PPP , and PKB ) plus the Golkar Party , who joined later , a team of SBY- Boediono success in the 2009 Presidential Election , as well as professionals . The composition of the Second United Indonesia Cabinet was announced by the President on October 21, 2009 and sworn in the following day . On May 19, 2010 , the President announced a change of Minister of Finance .
In this period , the government, especially through Bank Indonesia established four policies to boost national economic growth , namely :
1 . The BI rate
2 . Exchange rate
3 . Operation monetary
4 . Macroprudential policies for macro-prudential liquidity management and capital flows .
With the above economic policies , the government is expected to increase the country's economic growth will also affect the growing prosperity of the Indonesian people .
Performance SBY - It's been 1 year volumes IIberjalan SBY administration , but are still considered failed and got black-listed from some quarters . And this time observer of the world economy , too, related spoke SBYyang government performance is already 1 year . 60 % of the vote in the 2009 presidential election and received majority support in parliament has yet to be optimized mate Yudhoyono and Boediono to undertake concrete measures to boost economic growth and welfare .
In the eye of the political economy of Northwestern University , USA , Prof. Jeffrey Winters , poor performance can not be separated from the SBY administration of President SBY attitude in running the government . SBY considered prefer to look beautiful , polite and tidy hair in front of the camera than to work hard to overcome the problems that exist in Indonesia .
What is your view on the performance of SBY-Boediono for running the government ?
Until now seen the performance of the SBY -Boediono low . And it should be noted that the low achievement of SBY 's leadership is not something new . Because since 2004 was never high performance . So the combination of SBY - Kalla, who had a disappointing become more severe with the combination of the SBY - Boediono .
Although during the underperforming SBY , Kalla least known to be impatient and often encourage SBY to act and take decisions . But Kalla eventually become tired , frustrated and pick off course .
But apart from that all the SBY also perform tasks that should be done even if not maximized .

SUMBER :
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